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Dai Tang 3 - Bac Truyen No1
At the beginning of the first century BCE to the second century CE, Mahayana thought was formed and developed through three waves of sutras: the first wave (before Nagarjuna), the second wave (between Nagarjuna and Asanga–Vasubandhu), and the third wave (after Asanga–Vasubandhu). The treatise Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra by Nagarjuna (2nd century CE) fully cites both the Early Buddhist and Mahayana sutras, affirming the continuity of the Prajñā stream. Following that are the Ratnakūṭa Sūtra (assembly 19), the Avataṃsaka Sūtra, and the Entry into the Dharma Realm, before arriving at the Vimalakīrti Sutra with the lay friend Vimalakīrti—a model of the lay Bodhisattva, surpassing both Śrāvakas and Pratyekabuddhas, upholding the altruistic aspiration to save countless living beings.
In the Dharmapada Sutra (Taisho 322, translated by An Huyen in 181), the Buddha teaches:
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The five refuges:
- Taking refuge in the Buddha (aspiring to become a Buddha),
- Taking refuge in the Dharma (practicing and supporting the true Dharma),
- Taking refuge in the Sangha (respecting the Śrāvakas, aspiring to surpass them),
- Mindfulness of the Three Jewels,
- Practicing as a “noble one” right in daily life.
- The five precepts for the lay Bodhisattva: not killing, not stealing, not engaging in sexual misconduct, not lying, not consuming intoxicants.
- The six pāramitās perfecting the practitioner: generosity, precepts, patience, diligence, meditation, and wisdom.