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Sư cô Chân Đức
Vibhajyavāda in the Ganges Valley and Sarvāstivāda in Kashmir were the two earliest schools after King Aśoka’s patronage split the community. Vibhajyavāda itself branched into the Tāmraśātīya (the “bronze‐robe school” that went to Sri Lanka and uses Pāli), while Sarvāstivāda preserved its sutras in Sanskrit (most of which survive today only as Chinese and Tibetan translations). In Plum Village, Pāli and Chinese versions are compared—when both agree, they likely reflect the Buddha’s original teaching; when they diverge, practitioners must use intelligence and direct practice to discern authenticity.
The discourse “Putting the Wheel of the Dharma into Motion” recounts how the Buddha, having abandoned extreme self-mortification, approached his five former companions at Sarnath to share his breakthrough: the Middle Way—avoiding both sensual indulgence and self-torture—and its practical expression, the Noble Eightfold Path:
- Right View
- Right Thinking
- Right Speech
- Right Action
- Right Livelihood
- Right Effort
- Right Mindfulness
- Right Concentration
He then unfolds the Four Noble Truths with their three “turnings of the wheel” for each truth:
• First – parijānāti: recognition (e.g. suffering, dukkha, is a noble truth)
• Second – yathābhūtam: seeing it just as it is (e.g. the arising of suffering, dukkha-samudāya, rooted in craving taṇhā, must be abandoned)
• Third – sacchikaroti: experiencing through practice (bhāveti) the cessation of that craving and the magga, the path leading to its end.
